The biology of the ADHD brain comes down to how brain cells communicate. Neurons pass messages across gaps called synapses using chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, and two of the most important in ADHD are dopamine and noradrenaline. In ADHD, the brain is built the same way as any other, but dopamine and noradrenaline signalling is regulated less efficiently in the networks responsible for attention and executive functioning, which affects attention, task initiation, focus and emotional regulation.
Introduction
When people hear the term ADHD, they often think about distractibility, forgetfulness or impulsivity. However, to understand ADHD, it first helps to understand how the brain works.
The human brain contains approximately 86 billion nerve cells, called neurons, which constantly communicate with one another. Every thought, decision, memory and emotion depends on these brain cells sending and receiving messages.
Meet the Neuron
A neuron is a specialised brain cell designed to receive, process and send information.
- Dendrites receive messages from other neurons.
- The cell body processes information.
- The axon carries the message away from the cell body.
- The axon terminals release chemical messengers that pass information to the next neuron.
The Synapse
Neurons never actually touch each other. Between one neuron and the next is a tiny gap called the synapse. When an electrical signal reaches the end of a neuron, neurotransmitters are released into this gap. They bind to receptors on the next neuron, allowing the message to continue before being recycled or broken down.
What Are Neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that allow brain cells to communicate. Different neurotransmitters have different roles. Two of the most important in ADHD are dopamine and noradrenaline.
Dopamine
Dopamine helps regulate attention, motivation, task initiation, learning, working memory, decision-making and the sense of satisfaction that comes from completing a task.
Noradrenaline
Noradrenaline works alongside dopamine to support alertness, concentration, filtering distractions, emotional regulation and sustained mental effort.
The Brain's Chief Executive
The prefrontal cortex supports planning, organisation, prioritising, time management, working memory, emotional regulation, impulse control, decision-making and problem solving. It relies heavily on dopamine and noradrenaline signalling.
So What Happens in ADHD?
In ADHD, the brain is built the same way, but some communication systems work differently. Dopamine and noradrenaline signalling is less efficiently regulated in the brain networks responsible for attention and executive functioning. This affects attention, task initiation, focus and emotional regulation.
Why Understanding the Brain Matters
Understanding the biology of the brain helps replace self-blame with self-awareness. When people understand how their brain works, they can develop strategies that work with their brain rather than against it.
Melissa Katz is an ICF Professional Certified Coach (PCC) specialising in Adult ADHD Coaching. She works with adults, young adults and parents online across Sydney, Australia and internationally.
If you'd like to explore whether ADHD coaching is the right support for you, book a complimentary discovery call, no pressure, just a conversation.
Disclaimer
This blog is for informational purposes only. ADHD coaching is not a substitute for medical, psychological or psychiatric care. Melissa Katz does not diagnose ADHD or provide therapy. If you require diagnosis, treatment or mental health support, please speak with a qualified health professional.